Author: Isaac Gendler

How sustainable energy is better for job creation than fossil fuels

How sustainable energy is better for job creation than fossil fuels

01/28/17

“When the data adds up, does sustainable energy result for more and better jobs than fossil fuels?”

One of the most common diatribes launched against investment in renewable energy is that such ventures are wastes of money which should go into more economically fossil fuels. However, instead of accepting such claims blindly, how about we act as scientists and analyze such claims empirically?

Well, it turns out that a group of individuals at the World Bank decided to conduct such a study for the United States. To measure the economic potential each form of energy (solar, wind, coal, etc.), data was strewn from the jobs created per million dollars of investment. From this data, it was found that not only are clean energy industries over twice as effective on average than fossil fuels but also result in a higher percentage of direct jobs. Needless to say, renewable energy is anything but the overpriced caricature that oil companies make it out to be, and is a most logical option for the United States. So please, if you are a citizen or resident of the country (or the world for that matter), please stand together to combat the nefarious attempts by the current administration to hamstring all efforts by joining in the upcoming March for Science.

A brief primer on coal’s demise

A brief primer on coal’s demise

Isaac Gendler

01/27/17

“Why is it that coal is on a pre-destined trajectory to decline?”

The current president of the United States has promised to return the dwindling coal industry back to it’s pre-post-industrial “glory days”, and has already taken action to lobotomize it’s supposed vanquisher, the EPA. However, despite Trump’s rhetoric, coal is on an inevitable decline regardless of action from regulatory agencies. Instead, the main agents for the decline of coal are simple economic and market factors.

Over a century of mining activity in the Appalachia region of the United States has resulted in a dearth of easy to reach coal. This causes the prices for said item to rise, hamstring their market competitiveness with the ever declining prices for renewable energy resources (which compose of two-thirds of all new generating capacity in the United States). Compounding this with growing international concern for climate change and a decreasing desire to use power supplies to contribute to it, the market for coal is shrinking ever more. So even with the environmental regulations set by the prior administration’s EPA, not much can be done to save coal. Instead of trying to resurrect a dying technology, the United states should move forward with adopting cleaner forms of energy, since a nation walks faster looking forward

How coal works and why it is bad

How coal works and why it is bad

01/26/16

“How does coal make electricity and why should we not do it?”

Coal is the largest source of energy, powering over 40% of all of human civilization’s power consumption. However, how do these rocks from the ground provide so much for us and why do sustainability advocates warn us about how it’s harmful effects? Well, let’s take a look at how it is made to gain insight.

Coal itself forms from the remains of ancient trees and plants from thousands of years ago. Over time, the immense pressure of the Earth will cause them to carbonize, making them the rocky substances that we know. This process will ensure that coal will have a high energy density and flammability, so if it were to be burned a large amount of energy would be transferred.

Once mined from the planet, coal will be pressed into a powder and tossed into a furnace to power a fire, which will heat up a nearby container of water to boil into steam. This steam will then power a turbine that turns a generator to produce electricity. This electricity will then be sent to a transformer that passes it through transmission lines to reach a power consumer (such as a house).

Now, the fatal weakness with coal stems from the root of this process. Coal is composed of a multitude of dangerous hydrocarbons. When burned, these chemicals will be released to pollute the atmosphere, which will not only induce further global warming but also cause health hazards to nearby communities. That’s why countries all over the world are taking steps to reduce their reliance on coal and are switching to renewable energies instead.

Vertical axis wind turbines

Vertical axis wind turbines

01/25/17

“Can we make wind turbines to be placed on another axis?”

Wind turbines are famous for their horizontal axis rotor design, looking like giant fans in the distance. However, do things have to be this way, and could it be possible to shift the turbine onto another axis? Well, let’s think about it. We know that the wind is always blowing perpendicular to a post in the ground. We also know that this wind can exert a pushing force on objects in its direction and that if such an object was freely attached a solid post a torque would be induced that would cause it to move around said post. Now, what if we were to take this torque and have it spin a generator to make electricity? Well, this turns out to be the operating principle behind a vertical wind axis turbine. The symmetric design of vertical wind axis turbines (also known as VAWTs) allows them to not need to “track” the direction of the wind (as the machine would be affected equally in all directions), place less fatigue on the gearbox, and can possibly be more efficient than traditional wind turbines. However, VAWTs are also more failure prone, which could prove to be burdensome on a company’ economics.

Lithium ion batteries

Lithium ion batteries

01/24/17

“What exactly makes the type of batteries in your phone so special?”

You are probably hearing about special “lithium ion batteries” being featured in devices everywhere. But have you ever wondered what exactly makes them so special? Well, let’s take action and use our engineering mindset to figure this out. In contrast to traditional batteries, lithium ion batteries are constructed out of lithium and carbon. These elements are fairly light in nature, and lithium is also highly reactive, allowing these batteries to have a very high energy density. Quantitatively speaking, lithium-ion batteries can hold 150 watt hours in a single kilogram, only 1/6th of what is required for older lead acid batteries! Furthermore, Lithium Ion batteries lose their charge during storage at 1/4th of the rate other batteries do, can be recharged before being completely discharged, and can handle hundreds of charge/discharge cycles. This combination of high energy density and rechargeability makes lithium ion batteries terrific options to outfit mobile machines such as phones and cars. However, the same highly reactive property that makes them so effective with energy storage also causes structural instability, since they start degrading once they begin degrading once they leave the factory and can be very prone to unintended and dangerous heat-induced chemical reactions such as explosions.

Solar batteries

Solar batteries

01/23/17

“How can we make a convenient way to store energy harvested from the sun?”

Solar power is a most fascinating and practical way to capture energy. Just by taking in natural energy from the sun, it can power homes, buildings, and even entire towns! However, all of this comes with one drawback; Solar energy can only operate when the sun is out. This means that if machines want to operate during the dark, there will need to be some way to store this energy. Well, instead of giving up, let’s use our engineering mindset to solve this problem. We know that one method to store energy is one that is found every day, batteries. Batteries can have a high energy and also discharge with ease. So what if we were to hook up a solar panel system to a battery to create a solar battery? This setup is the exact working principle behind a multitude of innovative projects such as Tesla Motor’s powerwall system and grid islanding infrastructure.

Gearboxes

Gearboxes

01/22/17

“How can we change the rotational speed of an engine to a more appropriate value?”
A large portion of modern complex mechanical devices use engines of some sort to generate rotational motion. However, usually the speed of said motion is too small for any practical purposes. So how could we channel the kinetic energy to artificially increase the speed? Well, let’s think back to a very old concept, gears. Gears are special because of you were to take a large gear and connect it to a smaller one, any motion induced in the first one would be amplified in the second, and vice versa for the opposite direction. So what if we were to take this system and apply it to engine mechanics? Well, this gearbox setup is not only possible but is also one of the primary components of automobiles (to be used as transmission between the engine and the drivetrain) and wind turbines (translating the heavy torque low speed motion of wind blades into a faster RPM necessary for large energy generation)

State of the Blog 2017 address

Dear fellow science fans,

Many of you may not know this, but today is a very special day for me, and I would like to take some time to for something I have not done before and give a “state of the blog” address.

Exactly one year ago, I was going through a very tumultuous period in my life. But I had only thing on my mind. To improve as much as possible. I had realized that one area of myself that needed drastic improvement was my writing ability or lack thereof. To put it simply, I could not write coherently to save my life. This ineptitude had led me to butcher my own university applications, deny myself scholarships, and struggle with writing intensive classes.

But these experiences had made me realize something, that not being able to write was practically a disability! Writing allows us to convey information to others not in person, and in the modern digitalized society that we live And so, I wanted to give myself the power to communicate with the outside world. To accomplish this, I decided that I would have to write every day. To keep it interesting, and to make sure that I would keep things in line with what I am studying at school I decided that I would base my writing around science.

And so was born the science blog that you see here in front of your eyes.

What I thought would be a simple gimmick turned out to be one of the most practical educational tools I have at my disposal. Writing about science every day gives me a chance to expand my knowledge, solidify material learned from the lecture hall, improve my writing skills, connect with other scientifically minded people and give back to the global community.

However, like any cognisant individual, I realize that if I am to stay successful, I must always keep improving and never get complacent. Recently I had an epiphany, that a good portion of the most successful people inhabiting this planet have one thing in common; they have a variety of divergent interests but they have configured them to be convergent on one overarching passion that defines them. To illustrate; Elon Musk is passionate about many many different subjects such as physics, computer programming, and economics, but he instead of pursuing each one as a separate activity, he has merged all of these different elements together to serve as fuel his role of being one of the premier technology entrepreneurs on this planet. Steve Jobs held an eclectic range of interest ranging from Zen Buddhism to calligraphy, but he had extrapolated he learned from these fields to apply to computer technology. Albert Einstein was enamored with many passions such as the violin, sailing, and his Jewish culture, but he always knew that his primary role was to be a theoretical physicist.

So I thought that it would be logical if I were to do the same. Now, my current professional trajectory is leading me to a career in sustainable engineering. And since I am quite new to the field, I have this burgeoning desire to become not only an expert but an authority on all matters renewable. So I have decided to give this blog a focus on sustainable energy! From now on, at least 5 out of every seven days of the week will be dedicated to sustainable energy or some form of engineering. I will still be writing about a myriad of different scientific fields as I have done before (requests will also be gladly taken!) but I know that I need to specialize myself to succeed. If you are a regular follower, then you have probably already noticed this trend. Even though I am very new to this field, I think that if I work hard that I can have a lot to contribute

In addition, From now on, on January 21st of every year, I will be giving a “state of the blog address” summarizing the progress made since the year before and vocalize any new direction this blog will take. However, I will always keep to my old self, and continue on my “act first talk later” approach to internal changes (So keep tuned for more excitement!)

Before I sign off today, I would like all of you to take a look at an assessment I completed on the economic infeasible of continuing to rely on non-renewable energy, I can assure you that it will be worth all time put in

Who knows what the future has for us? I wish everyone the best year possible, and may we all experience exponential growth during these tumultuous times!

Sincerely,

Isaac A. Gendler

U.S investment into sustainable energy

U.S investment into sustainable energy

Isaac A. Gendler

21 January 2017

“Why should the new U.S president change his current sustainable energy policies?”

The un-maintainable use of nonrenewable energy resources for the operation of our civilization is putting too much stress on Earth’s resources. As a result of this trajectory, the economics and environmental consequences of non-renewable energy sources will become more prohibitive, forcing many countries to become more foresightful about their current actions and invest more into the burgeoning renewable energy sector in tandem with fabricating more environmentally friendly policies. However, by electing a vehemently anti-sustainability president, the response of the United States to this shifting paradigm is flat out ineffective. If the country does not switch paths to renewable energy it is highly probable that it will miss out on future potential and suffer economically as a nation.

Presently, humanity derives over ninety-four percent of its energy from nonrenewable sources such as petroleum , natural gas, and coal. (Key World Energy Statistics 2016). What makes an energy source non-renewable is that there is only a limited amount of the source on the planet, and once used up they are gone for good.

As a result of the irreplaceable nature of non-renewable forms of energy, the economics associated with using the resources is becoming more volatile as time goes on. When the supply of these materials that humanity holds shifts, economic perturbations will take effect that can devastate entire industries. To illustrate, in 2014, as a result of the revolution in fracking technology generated an economic boom of activity in the U.S state of North Dakota. However, this gas fueled economic engine already has seemed to have been exhausted, with the resultant oversupply causing a precipitous plunge in prices, leading to near unprofitability in operations and scores of ghost towns strewn throughout the state. (Scheyder, Ernest.) The coal industry in the United States, once the primary economic driver of the Appalachia region, is in the midst of a complete collapse, with frequent bankruptcies and production levels dropping down to a thirty-five year low (Goldberg, Suzanne.). The oil industry, a resurging power a few years back, has seemed to have again dipped down in unprofitability, with the corporate mega-conglomerate British Petroleum announcing hundreds of thousands of layoffs worldwide (Reed, Stanley.). And this unceasingly pendulum-like fortune of the non-renewable energy industry is in no way a recent phenomena, with the oil and natural gas industry being infamous for its high frequencies of booms and bust (Alsaadi, Nawar) (Mastrangelo, Erin). This extreme volatility is not sustainable for the basis of an economy, and by continuing to rely on it, we will suffer as a nation.

But economic ruptures are not the only form of destruction that non-renewable sources bring. The most used forms of non-renewable sources (Petroleum, coal, natural gas) are major contributors to a most ruinous phenomenon known as global warming (Laikha, Rinkesh). To put it simply, the pollutants emitted by the production of these resources cause an increase in average global temperature, which in turn throws the operation of our planet out of balance by melting polar ice caps, increasing ocean levels, and disrupting weather patterns. This in turn not only causes further economic but also health and environmental devastation. To elucidate on this point, a very recent natural disaster named Hurricane Sandy was tremendously amplified by global warming due to a combination of higher sea levels temperature (Freedman, Andrew. ). Nearly sixty-five billion dollars were lost and countless homes destroyed in the aftermath (Rice, Doyle). Much of this could have been avoided if humanity was more foresightful about the usage of dangerous fuel sources. Events like Hurricane Sandy are only bound to get worse, as anthropogenic temperature change is increasing at an exponential rate, possibly being raised up by over seven degrees by the end of the century! (Friedrich, Tobias et. all) It doesn’t take a rocket scientists to know that negligence to act against such a coming threat would prove disastrous

So how can humanity get off this eternal nauseating boom and bust cycle of non-renewable sources? The answer is to invest in sustainable energy, systems, and policy. Sustainable energy is energy from natural processes such as wind and solar that differs from traditional sources primarily in that such natural supplies are constantly being replenished, allowing for a “never ending” usage of said resources. If humanity truly wants to ensure an infinite future, it would only be logical to base its infrastructure off sources that could exist for such a time period.

However, technology alone will not be able to solve the global problems faced by humanity caused by its past negligence of the Earth’s resources, sustainable policies must be put in place. Current examples can be drawn from Portugal’s remuneration system for individuals generating their own renewable energy (Jimeno, Moïra) , California’s “action plan” to obtain 33 percent of its power be based on renewables by 2020 (Elliott, E. Donald) and setting pollution threshold limits for areas of nature (Fenn, M. E). However, we must not settle for what already has been done, and as the climate rises so must our endeavors.

Nations around the world have already taken heed to this call. China, one of the most powerful countries on earth and heaviest polluters on the planet, is pouring money into environmental protection(Janing, Wang) and sustainable energy (Dupuy, Max, and Wang Xuan). The United Arab Emirates, one of the premiere powers of the OPEC group, has admitted that relying exclusively on the petroleum market is unmaintainable for a country in the long term (Saadi, Daania), and is planning to have thirty percent of the nation’s energy come from renewable sources by 2030 (McAuly, Anthony). India, one of the fastest growing economies on the planet, targets to increase the nation’s solar capacity to 100 gigawatts by 2022 (Ross, Katherine.) ( For reference, the world’s solar capacity was 181 gigawatts in 2014 (Renné, David)) For the United States to make a true paradigm shift, the federal government should act similarly and conduct a strategic maneuver by setting up a national sustainable energy target date, and ensure it through tactical action by constructing new large-scale renewable energy projects and subsidizing existing businesses to use green technology. Such a move with a sturdy monetary backing would cajole individuals, corporations, and governments to take action to shift the infrastructure of the United States to be sustainable for the long term

But to its own detriment, the United States has decided to select the most anti-sustainability candidate for its future lear, Donald Trump. Trump not only doubts the veracity of climate change (openly calling it “a hoax created by the Chinese” (Trump,Donald)), but also wants his administration to implement a “100 day plan” which include rescinding all Obama-era restrictions on non-renewable resources, going forward with the Keystone pipeline, and canceling billions in payments to the U.N climate change protocols (Pandey, Avaneesh) (Kelly, Amita, and Barbara Sprunt).

In Trump’s viewpoint, investment into sustainable energy and policies (which he directly calls “an expensive feel-good for tree-huggers” (Trump, Donald 65)) should take a backseat to what he claims are more “proven” forms of energy such as petroleum and coal (Plumer, Brad), Trump’s policies goes even further with this mindset by proclaiming that any environmental restrictions created by preceding administrations (specifically ones concerned with coal production) should be abolished, as they supposedly restrict the potential of the United States economy (Trump, Donald J.). In his own words, Trump states that “Obama’s war on coal [implying regulations] is killing American jobs,.. and is creating a great business disadvantage”(Trump, Donald) and that “[He is] going to get rid of the EPA, of it in almost every form” (Fix, team)

However, Trump is not the only individual with this viewpoint. Many proponents of non-renewable energy like to point out that investment in such industries through projects likes the Keystone pipeline brings jobs, that comparable renewable energy projects are indeed quite expensive (Musial, Walter), and that such systems have to be constructed not only at a large scale to provide a practical amount for civilization but are also limited by geography and times of day (Laikhal, Rinkesh). According to their reasoning, it would be wise for the United States should go down Trump’s path and invest more into non-renewable sources.

But to the contrary, investment in sustainable energy and infrastructure has shown to have a great impact on the economy. Such technology has shown the possibility of creating up to one million more jobs by 2030 while increasing the U.S GDP by 145 billion dollars (Muradov, Nazim). Jobs in the renewable energy sector if the United States already have exceeded the number employed in petroleum/natural gas extraction and coal(Hirtenstein, Anna) and new technologies such as offshore wind turbines will allow for much more flexibility in geographic locations as well as higher efficiency extractions (Iyalla, Atelisika). Not only that, the price for solar panels and wind turbines have been dropping at astounding rates, making investment far less prohibitive (Randall, Tom). One could easily say that green energy implies both types of green, environmental and monetary.

In contrast, jobs created by non-renewable resource industries projects are of lesser quantity compared to ones created by renewable equivalents (Jobs, Bill) (with works such as the Keystone pipeline will only amount to 35 permanent positions (Sanders, Keith)), coal is on a path to death being dictated by market forces (Worland, Justin), and as stated before, the sinusoidal market of non-renewables is too volatile to supplement an economy. As for the question of the beneficiality of imposing environmental regulations over it, economics research has shown that not only do stringent regulations not cause major harm to economies (Dechezleprêtre, Antoine et. all), but that failure to act in unison in preventing further climate has the potential to ravage thirty-six percent of the United States GDP by the end of the century (Burke, Marshall et. all). By no means can old forms of energy provide a new future for our civilization.

To put this theory into practice, a clean energy path is necessary, and only through individual action can this happen. Such change can happen at the grassroots level. Not only can citizens act with their wallet by adopting and installing green technology to support companies and shift the market further into green energy’s favor, but can get out into the streets, join green organizations and lobby government officials to take heed. With such a proactive mindset, people can convince other individuals to change their minds and shift the coming tide into a new, sustainable future, both economically and environmentally.

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